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The interaction between a strong laser field and matter results in a non-linear optical process that gives rise to the generation of high harmonics of the incident frequency, which has emerged as a transformative technique for studying electronic systems, a contribution recognized with the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of high harmonic generation (HHG) to probe various properties of matter, as it can track the electronic motion at the attosecond time scales in both gases and solid state systems. Spectroscopy based on the HHG can serve as a tool of ultrafast imaging to detect signatures of quantum phase transitions in high-temperature superconductors, distinguish between trivial and nontrivial topological phases, and probe dynamical and structural properties of electrons.
Here, we present theoretical results for high-harmonic spectroscopy as a method of phase detection in a strongly correlated system modeled by the extended Hubbard Hamiltonian. Moreover, we show that the temporal behaviour of a laser-driven electron dynamics reveals information about low-energy excitations and allows tracking the system through cluster formation accompanying the first-order phase transition.
